SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Vega program</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vega program</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

</p>

<p>The <b><i>Vega</i> program</b> (<a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Вега</span>) was a series of <a href="Venus_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus missions">Venus missions</a> that also took advantage of the appearance of comet <a href="1P/Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="1P/Halley">1P/Halley</a> in 1986. <i><a href="Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></i> and <i><a href="Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></i> were uncrewed <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> launched in a cooperative effort among the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (who also provided the spacecraft and launch vehicle) and <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the <a href="East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a>, <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and the <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> in December 1984. They had a two-part mission to investigate <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and also flyby <a href="Halley's_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>.

</p><p>The flyby of Halley's Comet had been a late mission change in the <a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> program, following on from the cancellation of the American Halley mission in 1981. A later Venera mission was canceled and the Venus part of the <i>Vega 1</i> mission was reduced. Because of this, the craft was designated VeGa, a contraction of <i>Venera</i> and <i>Gallei</i> (Венера and Галлей respectively, the Russian words for "Venus" and "Halley"). The spacecraft design was based on the previous <a href="Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> and <a href="Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> missions.

</p><p>The two spacecraft were launched on 15 and 21 December 1984, respectively. With their redesignated dual missions, the Vega probes became part of the <a href="Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a>, a group of space probes that studied Halley's Comet during its 1985/1986 <a href="Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Vega_spacecraft">The Vega spacecraft</h2></div>

<p><i><a href="Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></i> and <i><a href="Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></i> were identical sister ships developed from the earlier <i><a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></i> craft. They were of the <a href="5VK" title="5VK">5VK</a> type, designed by <a href="Babakin_Space_Centre" title="Babakin Space Centre">Babakin Space Center</a> and constructed by <a href="Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a> at <a href="Khimki" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>. The craft were powered by twin large solar panels and instruments included an antenna dish, cameras, <a href="Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>, infrared sounder, <a href="Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> (MISCHA; Austrian and Soviet),<sup id="cite_ref-Besser_European_Space_Agency_2004_p._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besser_European_Space_Agency_2004_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and plasma probes. The 4,920 kg (10,850 lb) craft were launched by a <a href="Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton 8K82K rocket</a> from <a href="Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>, <a href="Tyuratam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyuratam">Tyuratam</a>, <a href="Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a> (current <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>). Both <i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> were three-axis stabilized spacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dual bumper shield for dust protection from Halley's comet.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_Instruments">Bus Instruments</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50em;">

<ul><li>imaging system</li>

<li>infrared spectrometer</li>

<li><a href="Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="Light" title="Light">visible</a>, infrared imaging <a href="Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a></li>

<li>shield penetration detector</li>

<li>dust detectors</li>

<li>dust mass spectrometer</li>

<li>neutral gas mass spectrometer</li>

<li>APV-V plasma energy analyzer</li>

<li>energetic-particle analyzer</li>

<li><a href="Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> (Austrian-Soviet)</li>

<li>wave and plasma analyzers</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Venus_mission">The Venus mission</h2></div>

<p><i>Vega 1</i> arrived at Venus on 11 June 1985 and <i>Vega 2</i> on 15 June 1985, and each delivered a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb), 240 cm (94 in) diameter spherical descent unit. The units were released some days before each arrived at Venus and entered the atmosphere without active inclination changes. Each contained a lander and a balloon explorer.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_craft">Descent craft</h3></div>

<p>The landers were identical to that of the previous five <i><a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></i> missions and were to study the atmosphere and surface. Each had instruments to study temperature and pressure, a <a href="UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> spectrometer, a water concentration meter, a <a href="Gas-liquid_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-liquid chromatography">gas-phase chromatograph</a>, an <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>, a <a href="Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>, and a surface sampling device.

</p><p>The <i>Vega 1</i> lander's surface experiments were inadvertently activated at 20 km (12 mi) from the surface by an especially hard wind jolt, and so failed to provide results. It landed at 7.5°N, 177.7°E.

</p><p>The <i>Vega 2</i> lander touched down at 03:00:50 UT on 15 June 1985 at 8.5° S, 164.5° E, in eastern <a href="Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a>. The altitude of the touchdown site was 0.1 km (0.062 mi) above the planetary mean radius. The measured pressure at the landing site was 91 atm and the temperature was 736 K (463 °C; 865 °F). The surface sample was found to be an <a href="Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">anorthosite</a>-<a href="Troctolite" title="Troctolite">troctolite</a>. The lander transmitted data from the surface for 56 minutes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Payload">Payload</h4></div>

<ul><li>Meteocomplex T,P sensors</li>

<li>Sigma-3 gas chromatograph</li>

<li>LSA particle size spectrometer</li>

<li>IFP aerosol analyzer</li>

<li>VM-4 hygrometer</li>

<li>ISAV-A nephelometer/scatterometer</li>

<li>Malakhit-V mass spectrometer</li>

<li>ISAV-S UV spectrometer</li>

<li>GZU VB-02 drill + BDRP-AM25 soil X-ray fluorescence spectrometer</li>

<li>GS-15-STsV gamma ray spectrometer</li>

<li>PrOP-V penetrometer</li>

<li>MSB small solar batteries</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balloon">Balloon</h3></div>

<p>The two balloon <a href="Aerobot" title="Aerobot">aerobots</a> were designed to float at 54 km (34 mi) from the surface, in the most active layer of the Venusian cloud system. The instrument pack had enough battery power for 60 hours of operation and measured temperature, pressure, wind speed, and aerosol density. The balloon envelopes were surfaced with <a href="Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> to resist attack by the corrosive atmosphere. Both Vega-1 and Vega-2 balloons operated for more than 46 hours from injection to the final transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The balloons were of spherical superpressure types of 3.54 m (11.6 ft) diameter, filled with <a href="Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. A gondola assembly weighing 6.9 kg (15 lb) and 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) long was connected to the balloon envelope by a tether 13 m (43 ft) long. Total mass of the entire assembly was 21 kg (46 lb).

</p><p>The top section of the gondola assembly was capped by a conical antenna 37 cm (15 in) tall and 13 cm (5.1 in) wide at the base. Beneath the antenna was a module containing the radio transmitter and system control electronics. The lower section of the gondola assembly carried the instrument payload and batteries.

</p><p>The instruments consisted of:

</p>

<ul><li>An arm carrying thin-film resistance thermometers and a <a href="Anemometer" title="Anemometer">velocity anemometer</a>. The anemometer consisted of a free-spinning plastic propeller, whose spin was measured by <a href="LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>-photodetector optointerrupters.</li>

<li>A module containing a <a href="PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a> <a href="Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a> to measure light levels and a vibrating-<a href="Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>-beam <a href="Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">pressure sensor</a>.</li>

<li>A package at the bottom carrying the batteries and a <a href="Nephelometer" title="Nephelometer">nephelometer</a> to measure cloud density through light reflection.</li></ul>

<p>The small low-power (5 watt)<sup id="cite_ref-FF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transmitter only allowed a data transmission rate of 2,048 bit/s, though the system performed data compression to squeeze more information through the narrow bandwidth. Nonetheless, the sampling rate for most of the instruments was only once every 75 seconds. The balloons were tracked by two networks (20 radio telescopes total) back on Earth: the Soviet network, coordinated by the <a href="USSR_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a>, and the international network, coordinated by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Centre national d'études spatiales</i></span> of France (<a href="CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>).

</p><p>The balloons were pulled out of the lander at 180,000 feet (55 km) above the planet's darkside surface, and fell to 164,000 feet (50 km) ASL while they were being inflated. After that, they rose to 177,000 feet (54 km) and stabilized.<sup id="cite_ref-FF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this altitude, pressure and temperature conditions of Venus are similar to those of <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> at 18,000 feet MSL (5,5 km),<sup id="cite_ref-FF_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the planet's winds move at hurricane velocity, and the <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> atmosphere is laced with <a href="Sulphuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphuric acid">sulphuric acid</a>, along with smaller concentrations of <a href="Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>.

</p><p>The balloons moved swiftly across the night side of the planet into the light side, where their batteries finally died, and contact was lost. Tracking indicated that the motion of the balloons included a surprising vertical component, revealing vertical motions of air masses that had not been detected by earlier probe missions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Halley_mission">The Halley mission</h2></div>

<p>After their encounters, the Vega motherships were redirected to intercept <a href="Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Comet Halley</a>, utilizing the gravity of Venus to alter their trajectory.

</p><p><i>Vega 1</i> made its closest approach on 6 March, around 8,890 km (5,520 mi) from the nucleus, and <i>Vega 2</i> made its closest approach on 9 March at 8,030 km (4,990 mi). The data intensive examination of the comet covered only the three hours around closest approach. They were intended to measure the physical parameters of the nucleus, such as dimensions, shape, temperature, and surface properties, as well as to study the structure and dynamics of the <a href="Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>, the gas composition close to the nucleus, the dust particles' composition and mass distribution as functions of distance to the nucleus, and the cometary-<a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> interaction.

</p><p>In total <i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> returned about 1,500 images of Comet Halley. Spacecraft operations were discontinued a few weeks after the Halley encounters.

</p><p>The on-board TV system was created in international cooperation of the scientific and industrial facilities from the <a href="USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, <a href="People's_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a>, France, and <a href="Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. The TV data was processed by an international team, including scientists from the Soviet Union, Hungary, France, <a href="East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The basic steps of data acquisition and preprocessing were performed in <a href="Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">IKI</a> using an image processing computer system based on a <a href="PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11/40</a> compatible host.

</p><p><i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> are currently in <a href="Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbits</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera program">Venera program</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFBesserEuropean_Space_Agency2004" class="citation book cs1">Besser, Bruno Philipp; European Space Agency (2004). <i>Austria's history in space</i>. Noordwijk, the Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>92-9092-545-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56103655">56103655</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1986" class="citation journal cs1">Preston; et al. (1986). "Determination of Venus Winds by Ground-Based Radio Tracking of the VEGA Balloons". <i>Science</i>. <b>231</b> (4744): <span class="nowrap">1414–</span>1416. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...231.1414P">1986Sci...231.1414P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.231.4744.1414">10.1126/science.231.4744.1414</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17748082">17748082</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29444555">29444555</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Gallentine2016" class="citation web cs1">Jay Gallentine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/ireali-first-flight-another-world-180977540/">"The First Flight on Another Planet (from <i>Infinity Beckoned</i>)"</a>. <i>Air & Space Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vega_program" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Vega program">Vega program</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arc.iki.rssi.ru/IPL/vega.html">Vega mission images from the Space Research Institute (IKI)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040927/http://starbase.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/vega2-c-tvs-5-rdr-halley-transform-v1.0/hal_0026/">Raw data from <i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> on board instruments</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Vega.htm">Soviet Exploration of Venus</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1986SvAL...12....7K">HSAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a> – A tool for studying atmosphere dynamics on Venus</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venus319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Venus319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_Venus" title="Outline of Venus">Outline of Venus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arachnoid_(astrogeology)" title="Arachnoid (astrogeology)">Arachnoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dune fields</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapping_of_Venus" title="Mapping of Venus">Mapping of Venus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_regiones_on_Venus" title="List of regiones on Venus">Regio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha_Regio" title="Alpha Regio">Alpha Regio</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteria_Regio" title="Asteria Regio">Asteria Regio</a></li>

<li><a href="Beta_Regio" title="Beta Regio">Beta Regio</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovda_Regio" title="Ovda Regio">Ovda Regio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_terrae_on_Venus" title="List of terrae on Venus">Terrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a></li>

<li><a href="Ishtar_Terra" title="Ishtar Terra">Ishtar Terra</a></li>

<li><a href="Lada_Terra" title="Lada Terra">Lada Terra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_montes_on_Venus" title="List of montes on Venus">Mountains</a><br>and<br><a href="Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">volcanoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abeona_Mons" title="Abeona Mons">Abeona Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Akna_Montes" title="Akna Montes">Akna Montes</a></li>

<li><a href="Anala_Mons" title="Anala Mons">Anala Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_Corona" title="Artemis Corona">Artemis Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Ba%CA%BDhet_Corona" title="Baʽhet Corona">Baʽhet Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Boala_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Boala Corona">Boala Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciuacoatl_Mons" title="Ciuacoatl Mons">Ciuacoatl Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Fotla_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotla Corona">Fotla Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Heng-o_Corona" title="Heng-o Corona">Heng-o Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Iaso_Tholus" title="Iaso Tholus">Iaso Tholus</a></li>

<li><a href="Idunn_Mons" title="Idunn Mons">Idunn Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Irnini_Mons" title="Irnini Mons">Irnini Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaszai_Patera" title="Jaszai Patera">Jaszai Patera</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a></li>

<li><a href="Nightingale_Corona" title="Nightingale Corona">Nightingale Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Onatah_Corona" title="Onatah Corona">Onatah Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Pavlova_Corona" title="Pavlova Corona">Pavlova Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Quetzalpetlatl_Corona" title="Quetzalpetlatl Corona">Quetzalpetlatl Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancake_dome" title="Pancake dome">Pancake dome</a></li>

<li><a href="Renpet_Mons" title="Renpet Mons">Renpet Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacajawea_Patera" title="Sacajawea Patera">Sacajawea Patera</a></li>

<li><a href="Sachs_Patera" title="Sachs Patera">Sachs Patera</a></li>

<li><a href="Sapas_Mons" title="Sapas Mons">Sapas Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalloped_margin_dome" title="Scalloped margin dome">Scalloped margin dome</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddons_Patera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddons Patera">Siddons Patera</a></li>

<li><a href="Skadi_Mons" title="Skadi Mons">Skadi Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Theia_Mons" title="Theia Mons">Theia Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Ushas_Mons" title="Ushas Mons">Ushas Mons</a></li>

<li><a href="Zisa_Corona" title="Zisa Corona">Zisa Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_coronae_on_Venus" title="List of coronae on Venus">List of coronae on Venus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Plains</a> and<br> <a href="List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">plateaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guinevere_Planitia" title="Guinevere Planitia">Guinevere Planitia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi_Planum" title="Lakshmi Planum">Lakshmi Planum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedna_Planitia" title="Sedna Planitia">Sedna Planitia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Canyons</a> and<br> <a href="List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">valleys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aikhylu_Chasma" title="Aikhylu Chasma">Aikhylu Chasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_Chasma" title="Artemis Chasma">Artemis Chasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Baltis_Vallis" title="Baltis Vallis">Baltis Vallis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dali_Chasma" title="Dali Chasma">Dali and Diana Chasma system</a></li>

<li><a href="Devana_Chasma" title="Devana Chasma">Devana Chasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganis_Chasma" title="Ganis Chasma">Ganis Chasma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_craters_on_Venus" title="List of craters on Venus">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Addams_(crater)" title="Addams (crater)">Addams</a></li>

<li><a href="Adivar_(crater)" title="Adivar (crater)">Adivar</a></li>

<li><a href="Agnesi_(crater)" title="Agnesi (crater)">Agnesi</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcott_(crater)" title="Alcott (crater)">Alcott</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariadne_(crater)" title="Ariadne (crater)">Ariadne</a></li>

<li><a href="Aurelia_(crater)" title="Aurelia (crater)">Aurelia</a></li>

<li><a href="Balch_(crater)" title="Balch (crater)">Balch</a></li>

<li><a href="Barton_(crater)" title="Barton (crater)">Barton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleopatra_(crater)" title="Cleopatra (crater)">Cleopatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Cunitz_(crater)" title="Cunitz (crater)">Cunitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Danilova_(crater)" title="Danilova (crater)">Danilova</a></li>

<li><a href="De_Lalande_(crater)" title="De Lalande (crater)">De Lalande</a></li>

<li><a href="Dickinson_(crater)" title="Dickinson (crater)">Dickinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Goeppert-Mayer_(crater)" title="Goeppert-Mayer (crater)">Goeppert-Mayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Golubkina_(crater)" title="Golubkina (crater)">Golubkina</a></li>

<li><a href="Grimke_(crater)" title="Grimke (crater)">Grimke</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_(Venusian_crater)" title="Gregory (Venusian crater)">Gregory</a></li>

<li><a href="Guilbert_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilbert (crater)">Guilbert</a></li>

<li><a href="Isabella_(crater)" title="Isabella (crater)">Isabella</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeanne_(crater)" title="Jeanne (crater)">Jeanne</a></li>

<li><a href="Maria_Celeste_(crater)" title="Maria Celeste (crater)">Maria Celeste</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariko_(crater)" title="Mariko (crater)">Mariko</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitner_(Venusian_crater)" title="Meitner (Venusian crater)">Meitner</a></li>

<li><a href="Merit_Ptah_(crater)" title="Merit Ptah (crater)">Merit Ptah</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanichi" title="Nanichi">Nanichi</a></li>

<li><a href="Riley_(crater)" title="Riley (crater)">Riley</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefania_(crater)" title="Stefania (crater)">Stefania</a></li>

<li><a href="Wanda_(crater)" title="Wanda (crater)">Wanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheatley_(crater)" title="Wheatley (crater)">Wheatley</a></li>

<li><a href="Yablochkina_(crater)" title="Yablochkina (crater)">Yablochkina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geodynamics_of_Venus" title="Geodynamics of Venus">Geodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_features_of_Venus" title="Surface features of Venus">Surface features</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_snow" title="Venus snow">Venus snow</a></li>

<li><a href="Venusquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusquake">Venusquake</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aspects_of_Venus" title="Aspects of Venus">Aspects</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbit_of_Venus" title="Orbit of Venus">Orbit</a></li>

<li><a href="Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">Phases</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus-crosser asteroids</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_trojan" title="Venus trojan">Venus trojans</a></li>

<li><a href="524522_Zoozve" title="524522 Zoozve">Zoozve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_spacecraft_called_Sputnik" title="List of spacecraft called Sputnik">Sputnik programme</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Sputnik 7</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> program

<ul><li><a href="Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Sputnik 19</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Sputnik 20</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Sputnik 21</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li>

<li><a href="Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 1964A</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">Kosmos 96</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">Kosmos 167</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> / Pioneer 12</li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> / Pioneer 13</li></ul></li>

<li>

<li><i><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity Assists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li>

<li><i><a href="MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li>

<li><a href="EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></li>

<li><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera-17" title="Venera-17">Venera-D</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed<br>(crewed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a> (flyby)</li>

<li><a href="Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mapping_of_Venus" title="Mapping of Venus">Geological mapping of Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">Artificial objects on Venus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cytherean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytherean">Cytherean</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">In culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">In fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith (hypothetical moon)</a></li>

<li><a href="Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ASolar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Flybys6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li>

<li><a href="Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li>

<li><i><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li>

<li><a href="IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li>

<li><a href="Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li>

<li><i><a href="BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe#Small_probes" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Balloon probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (2031)</li>

<li><a href="EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a><sup>‡</sup> (2030)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a> (2026-2027)</li>

<li><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (2031–2032)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Dedicated missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Venera-17" title="Venera-17">Venera-D</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled <br> or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">HAVOC</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperspectral_Observer_for_Venus_Reconnaissance" title="Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance">HOVER</a></li>

<li><a href="Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li>

<li><a href="Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_Orbiting_Imaging_Radar" title="Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar">Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar</a></li>

<li><a href="Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_Volcano_Imaging_and_Climate_Explorer" title="Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer">VOICE</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Zephyr_(rover)" title="Zephyr (rover)">Zephyr</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Program overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">List of artificial objects on Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a></li>

<li><a href="Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_Spectral_Rocket_Experiment" title="Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment">VeSpR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before any data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> and <a href="Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li>

<li><a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li>

<li><a href="Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li>

<li><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li>

<li><a href="Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter)

<li><a href="Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a>

<ul><li><a href="EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li>

<li><a href="Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li>

<li><a href="Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_6%2C_7%2C_8%2C_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li>

<li><a href="PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a>

<ul><li><a href="MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li>

<li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li>

<li><a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li>

<li><a href="MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li>

<li><a href="Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li>

<li><a href="ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li>

<li><a href="Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li>

<li><i><a href="Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br>not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li>

<li>Athena</li>

<li><a href="CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li>

<li><a href="Comet_Rendezvous%2C_Sample_Acquisition%2C_Investigation%2C_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li>

<li><a href="Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li>

<li><a href="HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li>

<li><a href="Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li>

<li><a href="MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li>

<li><a href="MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li>

<li><a href="OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>

<ul><li><a href="Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_space_probes129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Soviet_space_probes129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a></li>

<li><a href="Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a></li>

<li><a href="Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a></li>

<li><a href="GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion (spacecraft instrument)">Orion</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></li>

<li><a href="Prognoz_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz</a></li>

<li><a href="RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (<a href="Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod rovers</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Fobos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32597">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Vega_program&oldid=1295310467">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>